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Sierra Leone |
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| Introduction | Sierra Leone |
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Background:
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Since 1991, civil war between the government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (well over one-third of the population), many of whom are now refugees in neighboring countries. After several setbacks, the end to the 11-year conflict in Sierra Leone may finally be near at hand. With the support of the UN peacekeeping force and contributions from the World Bank and international community, demobilization and disarmament of the RUF and Civil Defense Forces (CDF) combatants has been completed. National elections were held in May 2002 and the government continues to slowly reestablish its authority. |
| Geography | Sierra Leone |
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Location:
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Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia |
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Geographic coordinates:
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8 30 N, 11 30 W |
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Map references:
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Africa |
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Area:
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total: 71,740 sq km
land: 71,620 sq km water: 120 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than South Carolina |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 958 km
border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km |
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Coastline:
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402 km |
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Maritime claims:
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contiguous zone: 24 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM continental shelf: 200 NM exclusive economic zone: 200 NM |
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Climate:
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tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) |
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Terrain:
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coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m |
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Natural resources:
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diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite |
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Land use:
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arable land: 6.76%
permanent crops: 0.78% other: 92.46% (1998 est.) |
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Irrigated land:
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290 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms |
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Environment - current issues:
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rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification |
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Geography - note:
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rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 inches) a year, making it one of the wettest places along coastal, western Africa |
| People | Sierra Leone |
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Population:
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5,732,681 (July 2003 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 44.8% (male 1,259,421; female 1,310,516)
15-64 years: 52% (male 1,420,900; female 1,557,597) 65 years and over: 3.2% (male 89,078; female 95,169) (2003 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 17.5 years
male: 17.2 years female: 17.8 years (2002) |
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Population growth rate:
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2.94% (2003 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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43.89 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Death rate:
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20.66 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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6.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: refugees currently in surrounding countries are slowly returning (2003 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/female total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 146.86 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 128.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 164.23 deaths/1,000 live births |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 42.84 years
male: 40.33 years female: 45.42 years (2003 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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5.86 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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7% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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170,000 (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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11,000 (2001 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Sierra Leonean(s)
adjective: Sierra Leonean |
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Ethnic groups:
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20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century), refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians |
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Religions:
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Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10% |
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Languages:
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English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%) |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write English, Mende, Temne, or Arabic
total population: 31.4% male: 45.4% female: 18.2% (1995 est.) |
| Government | Sierra Leone |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone
conventional short form: Sierra Leone |
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Government type:
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constitutional democracy |
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Capital:
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Freetown |
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Administrative divisions:
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3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western* |
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Independence:
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27 April 1961 (from UK) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 27 April (1961) |
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Constitution:
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1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times |
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Legal system:
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based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible to the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007); note - president's tenure of office is limited to two five-year terms election results: Ahmad Tejan KABBAH reelected president; percent of vote - Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (SLPP) 70.6%, Ernest KOROMA (APC) 22.4% |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Parliament (124 seats - 112 elected by popular vote, 12 filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate elections; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - SLPP 70.06%, APC 22.35%, PLP 3%, others 4.59%; seats by party - SLPP 83, APC 27, PLP 2 |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court |
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Political parties and leaders:
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All People's Congress or APC [Alhaji Sat KOROMA, interim chairman]; Citizens United for Peace and Progress or CUPP [Alfred Musa CONTEH, interim chairman]; Coalition for Progress Party or CPP [Jeridine WILLIAM-SARHO, interim leader]; Democratic Center Party or DCP [Adu Aiah KOROMA]; Democratic Labor Party or DLP [George E. L. PALMER]; Democratic Party or DP [Henry BALO, acting chairman]; National Alliance Democratic Party or NADP [Mohamed Yahya SILLAH, chairman]; National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Amadu M. B. JALLOH]; National People's Party or NPP [Andrew TURAY]; National Republican Party or NRP [Stephen Sahr MAMBU]; National Unity Movement or NUM [Sam LEIGH, interim chairman]; National Unity Party or NUP [John BENJAMINE, interim leader]; Peace and Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON, interim chairman]; People's Democratic Alliance or PDA [Cpl. (Ret.) Abdul Rahman KAMARA, interim chairman]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Osman KAMARA]; People's National Convention or PNC [Edward John KARGBO]; People's Progressive Party or PPP [Abass Chernok BUNDU, chairman]; Revolutionary United Front Party or RUFP [Foday Saybana SANKOH, chairman]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Andrew Victor LUNGAY]; Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Ahmad Tejan KABBAH, chairman]; United National People's Party or UNPP [John KAREFA-SMART in exile, Raymond KAMARA, acting leader]; Young People's Party or YPP [Cornelius DEVEAUS, interim chairman] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Trade Unions and Student Unions |
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International organization participation:
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ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Ibrahim M. KAMARA
FAX: [1] (202) 483-1793 telephone: [1] (202) 939-9261 through 9263 chancery: 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Peter Russell CHAVEAS
embassy: Corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens Streets, Freetown mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [232] (22) 226481 through 226485 FAX: [232] (22) 225471 |
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Flag description:
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three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue |
| Economy | Sierra Leone |
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Economy - overview:
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Sierra Leone is an extremely poor African nation with tremendous inequality in income distribution. It does have substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources. However, the economic and social infrastructure is not well developed, and serious social disorders continue to hamper economic development, following a 11-year civil war. About two-thirds of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture. Manufacturing consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Plans continue to reopen bauxite and rutile mines shut down during the conflict. The major source of hard currency consists of the mining of diamonds. The fate of the economy depends upon the maintenance of domestic peace and the continued receipt of substantial aid from abroad, which is essential to offset the severe trade imbalance and to supplement government revenues. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $2.826 billion (2002 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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6.6% (2002 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $500 (2002 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 49%
industry: 31% services: 21% (2001 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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68% (1989 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 43.6% (1989) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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62.9 (1989) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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1% (2002 est.) |
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Labor force:
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1.369 million (1981 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA% |
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Unemployment rate:
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NA% |
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Budget:
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revenues: $96 million
expenditures: $351 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.) |
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Industries:
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mining (diamonds); small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear); petroleum refining |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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NA% |
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Electricity - production:
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250.1 million kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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232.6 million kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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6,500 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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NA (2001) |
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Oil - imports:
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NA (2001) |
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Agriculture - products:
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rice, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, palm oil, peanuts; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish |
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Exports:
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$35 million f.o.b. (2000 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish (1999) |
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Exports - partners:
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Belgium 41.9%, Germany 28.1%, UK 3.6% (2002) |
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Imports:
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$190 million f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and lubricants, chemicals (1995) |
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Imports - partners:
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Germany 25%, UK 10.9%, Netherlands 7.5%, US 5.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.9%, Italy 4.3% (2002) |
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Debt - external:
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$1.5 billion (2002 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$103 million (2001 est.) |
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Currency:
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leone (SLL) |
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Currency code:
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SLL |
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Exchange rates:
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leones per US dollar - 2,099.03 (2002), 1,986.15 (2001), 2,092.12 (2000), 1,804.19 (1999), 1,563.62 (1998) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
| Communications | Sierra Leone |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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25,000 (2001) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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30,000 (2001) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: marginal telephone and telegraph service
domestic: the national microwave radio relay trunk system connects Freetown to Bo and Kenema international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 1, FM 9, shortwave 1 (1999) |
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Radios:
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1.12 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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2 (1999) |
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Televisions:
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53,000 (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.sl |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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1 (2001) |
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Internet users:
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20,000 (2001) |
| Transportation | Sierra Leone |
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Railways:
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total: 84 km
narrow gauge: 84 km 1.067-m gauge note: Sierra Leone has no common carrier railroads; the existing railroad is private and used on a limited basis while the mine at Marampa is closed (2001) |
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Highways:
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total: 11,330 km
paved: 895 km unpaved: 10,435 km (1999) |
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Waterways:
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800 km (of which 600 km is navigable year round) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Bonthe, Freetown, Pepel |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,435 GRT/8,750 DWT
ships by type: cargo 2 |
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Airports:
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10 (2002) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2002) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 9
under 914 m: 2 (2002) 914 to 1,523 m: 7 |
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Heliports:
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2 (2002) |
| Military | Sierra Leone |
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Military branches:
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Army (RSLAF) |
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Military manpower - availability:
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males age 15-49: 1,228,664 (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - fit for military service:
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males age 15-49: 596,617 (2003 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$10.26 million (FY02) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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1.5% (FY02) |
| Transnational Issues | Sierra Leone |
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Disputes - international:
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large UN peacekeeping presence ended civil war but rebel gang fighting, ethnic rivalries, illegal diamond trading, corruption, and refugees spill over into neighboring states beset with their own civil disorder, refugees, and violence |